Meeting Needs of Children with Incarcerated Mothers

Meeting Needs of Children with Incarcerated Mothers RESTRICTED CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS INTRODUCTION This study was aimed to determine whether the basic needs are met or not by the children of incarcerated mothers in Welikada prison. This chapter facilitates a discussion on the testing and finding relevance to the previous chapter corresponding to the defined hypothesis. Further, facts and figures and results will be discussed and it will also analyse the cross references to the literature reviewed. DISCUSSION BASED ON THE LITREATURE REVIEW As per the World Bank definition â€Å"Early childhood is the most rapid period of development in a human life. Although individual children develop at their own pace, all children progress through an identifiable sequence of physical, cognitive, and emotional growth and change. The Early Child Development (ECD) approach is based on the proven fact that young children respond best when caregivers use specific techniques designed to encourage and stimulate progress to the next level of development†. Many theorists have developed different concepts on the child development process, but once analyse all those very carefully, it seems that the idea is almost same which they have tried to prove. These theorists have discussed the development of human life in different stages of ages, here it is considered only the early childhood development up to the age of 5 years. Based on the literature review, it was analysed the international policy and trends in the care of children born behind bars. Most of the countries adopt the similar procedure that when a pregnant woman is imprisoned, she will be transferred to an outside hospital to give the child birth. This will be done to ensure the appropriate medical care and to avoid the place of birth place being as prison in the birth certificate. 5. In some countries, just after the child birth, they are separated from mother and kept in foster care or handed over to their relatives. This will negatively be affected to the children’s basic needs in their early childhood development such as breastfeeding, mother’s care and mother-child interaction and bond. However, in most states, the breastfeeding is encouraged. Many arguments indicate that child should not be separated from his mother in early stage of a child. In some of the low income countries, the baby delivery is carried out in the pris on. This will give number of health complications for both mother and child. Although some of facilities are available in the prison environment for the child living, they are not directly addressed to the children’s mental, emotional and physical development needs. In some prisons like in Cambodia and India, the mothers and children are not provided with adequate and also extra foods for children, clean water, washing and hygiene facilities, etc. Further, the children’s access to play, education, social interaction with other children and also to the outside of the prison environment are not properly addressed. Due to these reasons, the children of incarcerated mothers face many difficulties in their early childhood while living in the prison environment. Therefore, these literatures indicate that children born behind the bars are facing many development difficulties in their early childhood. However, some prisons like in Canada and Austria provide well advance facilities for mothers and child living in the prison as compared to the other prisons in the world. Although the adequate facilities are provided, the only drawback is the interaction of the children to the outside society is poor. This will affect to the children’s emotional, psychological and social development. (INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK) DISCUSSION BASED ON THE DATA PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS This sample survey was mainly focused to the mothers of children born behind the bars in Sri Lankan prisons. Due to the existing limitations for conduct this research, this survey was restricted only to Welikada prison. During the conduct of survey, it was found that only there were 16 children mothered to 15 incarcerated women. One woman had two children. The existing policy for care of mothers and children was thoroughly analysed during this survey. The pregnant mothers are provided maternity care from outside government hospitals same as other women and also it helps the children to avoid their birth place as prison in their birth certificate. Although the nursery facilities are not functioned as outside, it helps the children to develop their educational, language and cognitive development needs. Further, when the child comes to the age 5 years, he will be separated from the mother and handover to his relatives of kept in foster care. It seems a positive sign that child may get a opportunity to expose to the outside society. SURVIVAL AND LIFE SUSTAINING NEEDS The sample survey highlights some positive signs related to the survival and life sustaining needs for the children of incarcerated mothers in Welikada prison. Though the pure water, food, air, cloths and warmth are satisfactorily addressed, there is some shortage of cloths, variety of food items and extra foods. The provision of same types of food every day will lead the children to refuse the meals. However, these concerns are minor and probably better when consider the respondents’ socio-economic situations in outside the prison. Further, the children are provided with breastfeeding and being with mothers throughout the imprisonment until the child’s age of 5 years. These aspects are positively driven to the children’s physical, emotional developments. LIFE EMBELLESHING NEEDS The needs for the life embellishing development such as provision of toys, some fantasy and entertainment activities are not addressed satisfactorily, but they get enough opportunities to play with other children in the prison premises. However, these activities are restricted to a one particular area inside the prison wall. This restrictive environment hampered the children’s opportunities to explore as well as experience a variety of stimuli. Hence, these areas do not enhance the developmental opportunities of a child through the play. This will negatively affect to the children’s physical, social and emotional development. LIFE PROTECTING NEEDS Both the children and mothers are provided with the separate accommodation without merging with other prisoners, but it is not separated for each mother and child, everybody is living together in a single hall sharing two toilets amongst them. This affects to the child and mother’s well-being and hygienic issues and result in environmental stressors. The toilets and the accommodation areas are not always kept in very clean. The use of two toilets daily by 16 children and 15 mothers is a big issue which children face in the prison premises. Sleeping facilities for mother and child at Welikada prison is not beneficial for the development young children. It is depersonalising and depriving. It makes further worst by the situation that mothers and their children are confined to this area for longer period. The impacts of those are reflected in the mothers’ emotional state and then to the children. It seems that though the children and mothers are separated from other prisoners, the women prisoners have access to children’s living area. This will create number of negative effects on children such as expose to their bad behaviour and languages. It will obviously become a threat to the security of the children and especially for their physical development. Further, there may be some psychological effect on children as creating a unusual fear on men due to the children are always interact only with the women prisoners. On the other hand, these children are at a risk of child abuse and sexual harassment by the other prisoners. The health care facilities provided for the mothers and their children are not fully satisfied. The pregnant mothers have to go outside government hospitals for clinics and baby delivery, but it is also not a regularly happening. Once the baby delivery is done, the provision of care of Midwives for mother and baby will not be available in the prison premises. Further, if someone becomes ill during the night, there is no any medical section to deal with that and they need to call for prison authority for the arrangement to take the patient to outside government hospital. Further, the immunization vaccines are given to the children of different age categories, but the findings realized that they are not getting it at correct time. In accordance with the findings of children’s low weight, shortness and deficiency of vitamins are badly affected to the child development. These indicators show that children face many difficulties during their early childhood development. LIFE DEVELOPING NEEDS The children get enough leisure time and their mothers are also not engaging any activity other than their children. The available nursery helps children to enhance their educational measurer. The children’s access to freedom and thought and information is very low. They have been provided with one television in the hall, but it will not suffice to fulfil the requirement of the children. Above facts clearly indicate that these children have lesser possibility to expose to the outside society. Hence, this will lead to the risk of negative social and academic outcomes and unusual fear to outside people once they discharge from the prison. Further, they have opportunities to participate the religious activities inside the prison, but no cultural activities take place. All above factors discussed are directly affected to the social, emotional and cognitive development of a child. LIFE ENRICHING NEEDS In this aspect, children are benefitted up to certain extent through the prison nursery education. Though they have been tried to develop in this field, children are always exposed to prisoners and their environment. Hence, it is very difficult to get rid of them from that particular society system. Ultimately, this may be resulted to the risk of school failure and fall into conduct some criminals once they come out from the prisons. MOTHER-CHILD INTERACTION AND BOND Mother-child interaction and bond may not be happened automatically, but it may develop gradually over the time which they live together. In the Sri Lankan prison policy, mothers are allowed to keep their children up to the age of 5 years during their incarceration. It was proved during the sampling survey that the attachment existing between mothers and children is either anxious or ambivalent. Based on the literature review and findings from all the surveys, it is concluded that the best interest for the child is not to incarcerate with his mother. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS It is obvious that a child who stays with his incarcerated mother will not have opportunities to form an attachment with the rest of his family (especially with father), relatives and others in the society. In this regard it can be concluded that the child who stays with his incarcerated mother is prevented and restricted in his social development. However, it can be concluded as the prison environment is not favourable to the physical, emotional, social and psychological development of a child.

Jones Blair Case Study Essay

Jones †¢ Blair is a company that produces and sells architectural paint it also sell paint sundries which include paintbrushes and rollers. It caters to over 50 countries which are divided into two sectors the DFW area and the non-DFW area. Of the two the DFW area has been proven to be the most successful area for the company. In 1999 the company made 80 million in sales and 60% of this was contributed by the DFW area. There are two segments within the company’s main sales attributes and these are between the do it yourself market and the professional market. With regards to the professional market in the DFW area this accounted for 70% of sales In the non-DFW area 70% of sales were made through the do-it-yourself market. During a meeting the company discussed the problem of where and how to carry out marketing efforts. They were left with four options: 1) Cut the price by 20%. 2) Hire one additional sales rep. 3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising. 4) Stay the same. A detailed look into each option. 1) Cut the price by 20%. The shopper research programme indicated that dealers will back off the brand when the customer appears price sensitive. By cutting the price by 20% this will allow the company to be on par with national brands. The current contribution margin for the company is 35% if the price was to be cut by 20% then the new contribution margin would be reduced to: 35% – 20% = 15% with the current sale volume being $12 million and a price cut of 20% the sales would have to increase significantly for the price cut to be effective. According to Barrett â€Å"we are now the highest price paint in our service area† the fact that the company still has increasing sales despite being the highest cost brand of all the competitors this shows that the company is being perceived as giving high quality goods where people don’t mind about paying extra for their brand. If the company was to cut the price by 20% this may leave doubts in peoples minds about whether or not the brand is actually as high quality as they had thought. The fact that they can get away with charging a higher price for their brand they should stick with it. 2) Hire one additional sales rep. Currently the company has 8 sales reps which are responsible for the following tasks: Monitoring inventories. Taking orders. Assisting in store display. Coordinating cooperative advertising programmes. A survey indicated that the sales reps were very well liked, helpful, professional and knowledgeable with regards to paint. These reps are paid a salary and also a 1% commission. The cost of hiring an additional sales rep would be $60,000 a year, this is excluding commission. The vice president feels that the current sales reps aren’t aggressive enough and the fact that only 5 new accounts were made in the last 5 years something needs to be done. Only 16% of the accounts come from the non-DFW area so maybe a focus needs to be placed onto this area. If this was to be done, an additional sales rep be assigned to the non-DFW area this could lead to a significant increase in sales. 3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising. The vice president of advertising believes that there is a need for an awareness level of 30% among do-it-yourselfers to affect their sales. An emphasis on television coverage will reach non-DFW consumers in 15 countries. Research shows that ads affect the buying process Since most consumers consider the store before the actual brand maybe the advertising should be focused more-so on corporate ads rather than brand ads. The company spends 3% of its net sales on advertising therefore the current cost of advertising is: 3% of 12 million = 360000 with an additional spend of $350000 on advertising the total cost of advertising would be: 360000+ 350000= $710,000. This would almost double the cost of advertising and since there’s an emphasis on television this could prove to be a risky option, especially since brand awareness isn’t the main attribution to buyer behaviour. Another factor to consider is the fact that 75% of the audience of the advert aren’t buying paint. 4) Stay the same. The final option for the company would be to keep everything the same which is advised by the vice president of finance. Since the company is continuing to make profit he feels that if you were to take the other options that there would have to be a significant increase in the sales volume which may not be a result. Although most of the options offer different benefits and of course different drawbacks we don’t think there is an outright option to choose. With regards to the cut in price of 20% we don’t believe this option should be chosen. The fact that the company is allowed to charge the higher price and is perceived as being a high quality brand why should they risk losing all of this by accepting the price cut. The next option with regards to hiring an additional sales rep we feel that the fact that they have 8 sales reps already would the addition of another really make a significant impact on sales. Rather than focusing on hiring a new one we believe that if they focused more-so and possibly retraining their current sales reps this could prove to be more effective. The fact that the sales reps are already considered highly by the customers is a bonus. If more effort was put into them and how they could improve efficiency then this could be worthwhile to the company. The company could divide up the sales reps into the necessary markets and possibly by offering them incentives this could increase their performance. By hiring an additional sales rep doesn’t necessarily promise a change in sales. With regards to an increase of advertising spending of $350,000 we wouldn’t recommend this option. As the company wants to put an emphasis on television and the fact that 75% of the audience don’t buy paint, the 25% of the audience that do doesn’t seem like a big enough market coverage to invest such a lot of money into. Instead we feel they should look into other marketing options. The fact that with regards to buyer behaviour that customers choose the store first before the brand maybe the company should look into advertising within the actual stores. They could look into what stores are proven to be more popular and focus advertising attention on these. With the last option as staying the same although the company is continuing to make profits we feel like this could be the easy option. Rather than just being content with what is currently happening with the business they should focus on improving the business. The fact is that more and more competitors may enter the market or even people may change their buying behaviour but ultimately the company should try and always be a brand considered.

Qualities of Leader

Different companies, teams and situations need different kinds of leader and leadership qualities. However those leaders always possess some basic qualities which I appreciate such as: communication, trustworthy, confidence, enthusiasm, stability, thoughtfulness and be a model. Communication is the key to become a good leader. He/She should stay close with the team and care for them in only their work but also their privation if possible.People always want to be cared, especially by their leader/boss. By communicating, the leader can find out others’ potential so that the assignment leads to effect results. Making time to listen, to meet, to celebrate with the team can develop the team spirit which is very important in teamworking. Creating trust in the team is very important for leaders. But at first the leader have to believe on his team that they will accomplish their assignments with the best results.Treating fairly also helps to inspire loyalty much. As a consequence, the leader will be well supportive Great leaders are enthusiatic people. They are always ready to roll up their sleeves and get dirty. Only by keeping their passion that they can deal with such a lot of work. Also, dedicated leaders can give their team inspiration and encourage them at work. Ability to keep a cool head is one of leaders’ qualities. When storms, emotions, crises,†¦ come and go, the team can only rely on their leader.Staying calm, finding out the reason and solution of such things, supporting the team are those things that a leader shound do. Another important quality is confidence. Leaders must be confident of their words, behaviour and making decision/judgement. Be sure of theirselves is the key to success and leaders are good examples of that. Finally, diligence is very necessary. A good leader should never forget to strengthen these qualities mentioned. Keeping up-to-date will help them to stand still in their leardership role.

Individual Uses Certain Cosmetic - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1988 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? When an individual uses certain cosmetics, takes antibiotics, or even gets vaccines, they are supporting the practice of animal testing either knowingly or unknowingly. Animals are tested, mostly by companies, with the intent of verifying that products and other materials are safe for human use. Although this practice can be beneficial for humans, testing on animals is abusive, the practice is unreliable, and animal testing costs an extravagant amount of tax money; therefore, this practice should be deemed illegal, and alternative practices should be used. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Individual Uses Certain Cosmetic" essay for you Create order Animal testing is an abusive practice that studies, tortures, and causes the death od over 100 million animals each year (Animal Testing 101). Although many individuals believe that animals do not feel pain, like humans, they do. A large reason why animal testing is viewed as so abusive is due to the degree in which animals are treated. For example, according to Sarah Rose A. Miller, One commonly used procedure is the Draize Test, which is used to test household products for harmful chemicals. In the Draize Eye Irritancy Test, solutions are applied immediately to the subjects eyes-usually a group of albino rabbits. This often causes intense pain and destroys the rabbits eyes, leaving them raw and bleeding. After the test period (around seven hours), the rabbits are killed so they can be examined for internal damage. As one can see, animals encounter extreme abuse in this setting; researchers view the animals as objects rather than living beings who feel pain. The animals do not have any say in how they want to live their lives, and they are tortured to death. Not only is animal testing painful for animals, but it also can easily ruin an animals quality of life. For example, according to Bogdan Marinescu and Cristin Coman, many researchers and animal testers snip animals ears, remove body parts to test them, severely burn them, and use many other methods of testing (Marinescu, B., Coman, C.). As one can see, animals go through a great deal of pain and suffering when in this captivity, and this contributes to their poor quality of life. In addition, the majority of animals that are tested on are confined to a very small space, which also makes a large contribution to the animals poor quality of life (Miller). Lastly, animals are tested on with chemicals, and this practice can significantly harm them. According to Sarah Miller, This procedure is used to measure the toxicity of a substance-the amount of the substance it takes to kill half a group (generally 200) of test animals. The test usually goes on for days, and the animals suffer extreme pain and distress. As one can see, humans are insensitively exposing animals to chemicals and seeing if they survive it or not in order to test that it is safe. The animals are tortured, and they do not have any control over what is happening to them. Furthermore, animal testing should be illegal due to the agony that animals are being forced to experience. Animal testing should be outlawed due to the unreliability of making sure that materials are safe for humans to use. Many studies and instances have proven that animal testing is not reliable when it comes to confirming that materials are safe for human usage. For example, The Food and Drug Administration reports that 92 out of every 100 drugs that pass animal tests fail in humans (Top Five Reasons to Stop Animal Testing). As one can see, this number can be stunning due to the likeliness of a product harming an individual. As further proof, according to Sheree Stachura, Just recently, Vioxx, a medication manufactured by Merck and approved by the FDA, was pulled from the market. The medication caused 25% of 239 patients taking it to have heart attacks within 13 days of starting the drug. As one can see, this statistic provides evidence that animal testing is unreliable and perhaps disquieting. It is alarming for some individuals to apprehend that humans do not know what is going to happen to them if they use a material that they believe is safe, but actually is not. Lastly, animals and humans have many significant contrasts (Stachura). For example, animals and humans differ when it comes to genetics and responses to materials (Edwards). Therefore, if we have so many contrasts, then how do humans know that they are completely safe from a material that was only tested on animals? Humans are unknowingly taking a moral risk when using materials that used animal testing, and the reason for this is that testing on animals is an unreliable method. Thus, alternative practices should be put into place. Not only does animal testing cost many animals lives, but it also costs a lot of money. One may ask, Where does all of this money come from? According to Kayla Newcomer, the funds for animal testing, which is about 14.5 million dollars every year, comes from taxes, and the government uses the taxes to pay for testing. Therefore, there are many people in the United States who are unknowingly and/or forcefully contributing to the practice of animal testing. In addition, specific studies cost a lot of money. For example, did you know that studying a chromosome aberration on animals costs $30,000 (Costs of Animal and Non-Animal Testing)? Furthermore, like mentioned before, unreliability is a large dilemma in animal testing. Therefore, humans are spending a great amount of money on animal testing, and humans do not know for sure if materials are safe to use. To bring down the cost and test for more reliability, there are alternative solutions for animal testing that researchers can use. In response to a claim that animal testing should not be legal, Jeffery A. Running, a microbiologist and research scientist, claimed that animal testing saves human lives. In fact, he claims that if animal testing did not exist, that the adverse effect rate from materials would be much higher than it already is. Within his argument, Running claims, If vaccines werent produced, many millions (yes, millions) of people would die as a result of infectious disease. If vaccines were produced, but were tested directly on humans, vaccines that did have harmful side effects would harm people instead of animals (Running). Furthermore, humans cannot perform tests directly on to humans to test whether or not they are safe for usage, so animals are the only option to make sure that a material is somewhat for human use is safe. This sourced is biased due to the fact that Running, a microbiologist and research scientist, job relies on testing materials on animals to make sure they are safe for human use. Running claims that animal testing has saved many lives, and without it, many humans would be harmed (Running). Although Running makes a strong claim that animal testing saves lives, the practice also puts human lives in danger. The unreliability of animal testing surpasses the possibility of animal testing catching flaws in materials. If a product is unsafe, then it could easily harm or even kill a human. However, there are other reliable, alternative methods to animal testing that could potentially save more humans lives than animal testing would. One of the alternatives includes in-vitro testing. In-vitro testing is where human cells are placed on a slide, and its job is to impersonate human reactions to a substance (Alternatives to Animal Testing). It can be believed that in-vitro testing allows for more accurate results due to the fact that it acts similar to humans epidermis (Alternatives to Animal Testing). As one can see, in-vitro testing, which allows for testing to be done is a human-like, accurate way; this will essentially reduce the risk of unreliability being an issue, and, it will not harm any animals in the process. According to staff from The Scientist, individuals who perform studies and research on animals take into consideration the animals pain and distress, and essentially attempt to make the environment tolerable. For example, researchers will only use the number of animals necessary to get the results that they desire (Reducing Pain and Distress in Animal Research). In addition, according to Ian Murnaghan, researchers live by the three Rs: reduction, replacement, and refinement. This means that researchers are making an attempt to decrease the number of animal subjects, trying to use different techniques for testing that does not require animals, and making an attempt to make the testing easier on the animal (Murnaghan). Although researchers are trying to reduce the amount of harm placed on an animal, this does not change the fact that animals are still being harmed by animal testing. If researchers were concerned with the state animals were in, then they would not perform animal testing at all. For example, like mentioned previously, animal are forced to suffer through studies that result in problems such as burns (Marinescu, B., Coman, C.). To put a stop to animal testing completely, alternative testing practices can be put into place. Like mentioned previously, in-vitro testing is certainly an alternative possibly (Alternatives to Animal Testing). In addition, computer modeling could be the future of medical research and animal testing (Alternatives to Animal Testing). Computer modeling has made it to where technology has the ability to find cures and use QSAR testing rather than using animal subjects (Alternatives to Animal Testing). As one can see, the alternatives to animal testing are feasible; humans just have to put in the time and effort in using them rather than using animal subjects. Testing on animals has been proven to be cruel, unreliable, and costly. As one can see, there are other alternative methods to avoid animal testing. This can and eventually will be beneficial for both animals and humans. Therefore, humans should take initiative and deem animal testing as illegal. Alternative testing such as in-vitro and computer modeling could benefit humans immensely, and be the future of testing materials. Works Cited Alternatives to Animal Testing. PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for- experimentation/alternatives-animal-testing/. Accessed 12 December 2018. Animal Testing 101. PETA, 2018, https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for- experimentation/animal-testing-101/. Accessed 14 Dec 2018. Badyal, Dinesh, and Chetna Desai. Animal use in Pharmacology Education and Research: The Changing Scenario. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 46, no. 3, 2014, pp. 257-265. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1534137941?accountid=14197, doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.132153. Costs of Animal and Non-Animal Testing. Humane Society International, www.hsi.org/issues/chemical_product_testing/facts/time_and_cost.html. Accessed 12 December 2018. Edwards, Sarah. Achieving Standards without Sacrificing My Own. Voices from the Middle, vol. 10, no. 1, 2002, pp. 31-34. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/ 213932428?accountid=14197. Marinescu, Bogdan, and Cristin Coman. The Ethics of Animals Testing. Revista Romana De Bioetica, vol. 8, no. 3, 2010. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1286687152?accountid=14197. Miller, Sarah R. A. Animal Research. The Humanist, vol. 61, no. 5, Sep, 2001, pp. 15-18. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/235290335?accountid=14197. Murnaghan, Ian. Replacement Of Animal Testing. Aboutanimaltesting.Co.Uk, 2018, https://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/replacement-of-animal-testing.html. Accessed 14 Dec 2018. Newcomer, Kayla. Federal Government Funds Animal Testing, Animal Experiments | Global Animal. Global Animal, 2018, https://www.globalanimal.org/2013/10/07/guilty- government-practices/. Accessed 14 Dec 2018. Reducing Pain and Distress in Animal Research. The Scientist Magazine, www.the- scientist.com/news/reducing-pain-and-distress-in-animal-research-63445. A ccessed 12 December 2018. Running, Jeffrey A. Animal Testing Helps Protesters Live 20 Years Longer.Milwaukee Journal, Jul 27, 1990, pp. A08. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/333434439?accountid=14197. Stachura, Sheree,R.N., B.S.N. Drug Safety: An Argument to Ban Animal Testing.Journal of Nursing Law, vol. 12, no. 4, 2008, pp. 147-156. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/206506555?accountid=14197, doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1073-7472.12.4.147. The Truth about Animals Used for Experimentation. PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals- used-for-experimentation/animal-testing-101/. Accessed 12 December 2018. Top Five Reasons to Stop Animal Testing. PETA, 20 Apr. 2018, www.peta.org/blog/top-five- reasons-stop-animal-testing/comment-page-1/.