‘Harmonium’ and ‘Manhunt’ Essay

The speaker’s disposition towards his dad in ‘Harmonium’ is straightforward and reasonable. The speaker names the brand of his organ â€Å"Farrand Chapelette† and he names places, for example, ‘Marsden’ in Yorkshire perhaps having an association of where he and his dad grew up. This makes the sonnet significantly more faculty and subsequently the artist figures out how to pick up compassion from the peruser. The utilization of genuineness makes the sonnet much increasingly nostalgic while in ‘Manhunt’ the spouse keeps their experience very discrete. In spite of the fact that the sonnet investigates the physical and mental impacts of managing war wounds, it doesn’t remember the wars for which he’s took part in and some other faculty data. The sonnet ‘Manhunt’ is significantly less explicit than ‘Harmonium’, which makes it pertinent to numerous other war casualties. The spouse in Manhunt isn't available to his encounters of the past. The speaker in ‘Harmonium’ utilizes informal language to make a well disposed, warm, conversational tone. In ‘Harmonium’ Simon Armitage utilizes language like â€Å"bundled off to the skip† to attempt to state that the Harmonium is broken. In the sonnet Manhunt the speaker utilizes a progressively sympathetic tone, which makes the sonnet contacting. This is made when she disentangles the rundown of her husband’s wounds with every injury deteriorating and more grievous. Both of the sonnets use symbolism to pass on their inclination to their friends and family through pictures. In the sonnet ‘Harmonium’ the speaker’s father is depicted as a messed up ‘Harmonium’, which enables the peruser to envision the physical and mental condition of the child’s father. In the sonnet ‘Manhunt’ the spouse is persistently alluded to pictures mirroring his wellbeing. He is portrayed as having a ‘fetus of metal underneath his chest’ giving the peruser a visual picture of the metal shot covered underneath his skin. In the sonnet ‘Harmonium’ Simon Armitage utilizes parallelism to strengthen the connection among father and child. He does this by rehashing ‘and he, being him†¦.and I, being me† this shows how the child will replace his dad over the long haul. Anyway in the sonnet ‘the Manhunt’ the speakerâ links herself to her better half. Her better half is portrayed similar to the casualty of a Manhunt and the sonnet clarifies how she is attempting to recover her husband’s trust and certainty that the spouse is associated with this Manhunt is repeater all through the sonnet. The spouse is depicted as ‘widening her search’ to recapture her better half; this connects to the title ‘Manhunt’. In the sonnet ‘The Manhunt’ the speaker utilizes bunches of shocking, adoring action words in the sonnet, mirroring the closeness of a couple, and sharp commitment from the spouse planning to recuperate her significant other. The spouse says that she can ‘climb the rungs of his messed up ribs’, a firmly watched detail of her hands investigating the modified body of her better half. The possibility of the stepping stool is intelligent of the exertion engaged with the wife’s slow quest for answers. This shows the wife’s certainty when she talks. In any case, in ‘Harmonium’ the speaker utilizes uncertain depictions, for example, ‘shallow or sorry’ and ‘phrase or word’; this shows the speaker isn't truly agreeable and certain about discussing his dad, this proposes he may be remorseful or angry of his past choices. The author feels deficient. The sonnet ‘Harmonium’ has four refrains of various lengths. The main verse depicts the harmonium prepared to be throwed away. The following is a closer examination of the instrument, with nitty gritty depictions of its parts. The third verse thinks about the historical backdrop of the instrument. The last refrain, which portrays conveying the harmonium from the congregation, is worried about the connection between the speaker and his dad. Anyway in ‘The Manhunt’; the sonnet comprises of a progression of unrhymed couplets. This makes a feeling of fracture, which coordinates the sentiments of the soldier’s spouse as she try’s to comprehend the man her better half has become. The sonnet portrays the periods of a wife’s scan for answers from her harmed spouse who has as of late came back from a combat area. The sonnet closes when the pursuit is shut. In end the speaker’s mentalities in the two sonnets are very comparative since they are both by Simon Armitage anyway the speaker in ‘Harmonium’ takes a progressively legit and sensible methodology with a conversational tone than the discrete, vague, caring speaker in ‘The Manhunt’.

Maya Angelou Biographical Approach Essay

Maya Angelou has commented, â€Å"I’m consistently propelled by people who rise†¦That capacity to rise is nobleness of the human spirit.† Write an article wherein you dissect Angelou’s convictions about the human soul, as reflected in the four works you simply read. Before you start, consider what Angelou needs to state about her work: â€Å"I address the dark experience, yet I am continually discussing the human conditionâ€about what we can suffer, dream, fall flat at, and still survive.† Writing Your Essay As you plan, draft, and reexamine your exposition, remember the accompanying tips: †¢In the presentation, or the start of your paper, incorporate a particular theory proclamation that presents the key point you will demonstrate in your article. †¢Support your thoughts with proof from the four determinations. Make certain to dissect how Angelou’s tone and utilization of complex gadgets add to the outflow of her subjects or principle thoughts. †¢Make sure that each section has solidarity and soundness. All the sentences in the section ought to identify with one principle thought and help build up that thought. †¢End your exposition with an end wherein you sum up your primary concerns. Incorporate another, however related, shutting understanding or reflection. Make a one-page report that shows you have comprehended the book with the 2 sections underneath: †¢Part 1: First, think about the images in the book. At that point, discover pictures utilizing â€Å"Google images† or â€Å"Clip Art† and glue them into the record. At that point give a 1-2 sentence explanation behind the image. †¢Part 2: Write a book audit. Ensure you persuade me you have perused it altogether! It ought to be close to 1-2 sections.

Social Media and Social Movements Al Jazeera English Comes to Columbia COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Social Media and Social Movements Al Jazeera English Comes to Columbia COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Current students do a good job of sending along blog content for posting, but I fell a little behind in the past month or so due to all of the updates related to admission decisions.   Erisha Suwal sent along the following post in February. Has it really been that long since the last snow on our campus?   (see the 50 second mark in the intro to the video below).   Thank you Erisha. ______________________________ Social media especially Youtube, Facebook and twitter and mobile network (SMS) have been instrumental in organizing successful protests for regime change first in Tunisia and then in Egypt so much so that governments in those countries shut down the Internet during the height of the protest.   About 5.3 billion people have mobile subscriptions worldwide. Seventy percent of this population resides in the developing world.  SMS has become a major means of organizing. According to the Foreign Policy, during the June 2009 uprising of the Green Movement in Iran, activists used every possible “technological coordinating tool” to protest the miscount of votes for Mir Hossein Mousavi but were ultimately brought to heel by a violent crackdown. In January 2010, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton outlined how the United States would promote Internet freedom abroad. She emphasized several kinds of freedom, including the freedom to access information (such as the ability t o use Wikipedia and Google inside Iran). Events in Tunisia and Egypt illustrate that censorship to limit information flow and maintain authoritarian control is difficult if not impossible in present time. A fundamental way in which social media has changed the landscape of communication and organizing is by making people the source of information and not the conventional institutions. However, Internet and social media is a double-edged sword.  While it facilitates freedom of speech it can also be used by authoritarian regimes for surveillance. For example: members of the youth groups and individuals like Wael Ghonim, who set up Facebook pages calling for protests, were arrested and jailed. Similarly, the Chinese government continues to harass bloggers, the famous one being Hu Jia. Security is a major concern Also, In Tunisia, reports that the government had phished user passwords for Facebook and Gmail emerged in December, while in the United States, Facebook has been used by creditors to track down people with outstanding debt. Taking this cutting edge topic of social media and social movement, a panel titled “Information Wars” was organized by Columbia Journalism School and Al Jazeera English (AJE) on Friday February 11th when everyone was tuned into news channels about the celebrations following Mubarak’s fall. AJE host Marwan Bishara moderated the panel that featured Emily Bell, director of Columbia’s Tow Center for Digital Journalism; Carl Bernstein, of Woodward and Bernstein fame; Democracy Now!’s Amy Goodman; Evgeny Morozov, author of The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom; and Clay Shirky, author of author of Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age.   It was aired on AJE’s show Empire. Many SIPA students attended the event to get the latest on the impacts of new trends in journalism on international relations and policymaking.  It was a lively discussion that not only analyzed what was going on, but also predicted social media’s new ro le and influence.

The Study on Abolishment of Death Penalty of Corruption Crimes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3383 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Tags: Death Penalty Essay Did you like this example? Bribery and corruption crime exists widely worldwide, and are very serious in some countries and areas. Particularly, bribery and corruption crimes will occur frequently with high degree in the specific period of fast development of economy, rapid transform of society and imperfect of some mechanism in our country. â€Å"It badly harmed healthy development of our society and blocked the aim of building harmonious society of our government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Study on Abolishment of Death Penalty of Corruption Crimes" essay for you Create order In order to keep bribery and corruption crimes within limits; the government always persists in giving a great blow to the crimes, and even used the most severe criminal punishment-death penalty. (Changsha, 2006) â€Å"But, we can find from the case arising status in the lately decades, that is, one side, the case arising rates, related money amounts and the civil levels constantly broke the record. †(Zhao, 2004) On the other side, some new circumstances and aspects constantly happened such as high frequency of hiding and spoliation, low utilization rates of death penalty, escaping of corrupt officials, and even appeared giving corrupt officials lower criminal punishment who were repatriated because of extradition. It made unfair of justice as a matter of fact, showed disability of death penalty in punishing bribery and corruption crimes, and made some misunderstanding of doctrine of severe punishment. The appearance of dispute about existence and abolishment of death penalty of briery and corruption crimes is based on that with the rapid development of economy, â€Å"culture and society in lately two decades, material wealth get maximum abundance, and people’s concept of human rights and consciousness of rights get progressively boosting up. (Ma, 2004)At the same time, internationally movement of abolishment of death penalty increased. Every year cases of condemning and carrying out death penalty mostly in our country,which is out suit to great effect of our country, and also runs counter to the great aim of building harmonious society of our country. â€Å"It is necessary that to adapt the trend, to abolish death penalty of bribery and corruption crimes. (Chen, 2001) The necessity of abolishing of death penalty of corruption crimes Death penalty, to be the most stern penalty that take away people’s life, the debate of keeping it or abolishing it was first been put forward in the book â€Å"Crime and Penalty†, written by Beccaria. This issue has been argued for hundreds of years. Nowadays, civilization is highly developed, academic circles’ opinions for the death penalty, especially for death penalty of non-violent crime, which should abolish, are basic consensus. Professor Zhao, Bingzhi pointed out that â€Å"The crimes that obviously are too harsh to set death penalty or will resulting for value imbalance, should be abolished their death penalty from legislation in time. † â€Å"In particular for non-violent crimes which there are no specific victim and crimes which do not have the potential hazard to other people’ person basic right† (Zhao, 2004), should be abolished their death penalty from legislation right immediately. Speaking of bribery and corruption crimes, the issue that whether should abolish death penalty or not becomes academic circle and theory circle’s focus of debate increasingly. One opinion consider that even though bribery and corruption crimes seriously endanger the integrity of country staffs and encroach on public property, but they do not harm for people’s life, so we should abolished death penalty of bribery and corruption crimes(Ma. 2006). Another opinion thinks that abolish bribery and corruption crimes’ death penalty is not fit for China’s national conditions, and there are two reasons. On one hand, at present, China excessively uses probation or exempted from criminal punishment to majority bribery and corruption crimes, which contravene the principle of fairness penalty. On the other hand, comparison to other countries which abolish death penalty for bribery and corruption crimes, our country does not have a reasonable alternative penalty, and life imprisonment is too costly and country’s financial resources is hard to support. So, bribery and corruption crimes should be abolished. The reasons are: First, from internal cause to consider the form of bribery and corruption crimes, engender and exist of bribery and corruption crimes have necessity. When discuss the problem of the death penalty’s keeping or abolition, people always interested in investigating the social harmfulness of bribery and corruption crimes or death penalty’s connatural defect, although these two issues have a great influence to the discuss of keeping or abolition death penalty. But, we ignore the most important internal cause the basic reason of bribery and corruption crimes’ form, because â€Å"no matter focus on general prevention or focus on special prevention, penalty’s effect will realize through people’s reaction. (Liu, 2005) So why these corrupt officials still appears one after one, even if they facing deter of death penalty? Because corrupt officials’ psychological defects gradually turned into bad need stimulated by the objective environment, the bad needs malignant development has produced the crime motive finally. Like Beccaria advanced the â€Å"crime saturation principle†, that is, â€Å"ea ch society should has crimes that it deserves, the production of these crimes result from its natural and social condition, its quantity and quality is fit for each social collectivity’s development. (Ma, 2004) Even if engender and exist of bribery and corruption crimes has necessity, it will breeding corruption only if the national power exists. So the thought that Monotonous considers with the severe penalties can contain the crime of corruption is clearly untenable. â€Å"Killing is not a good way to contain corrupt, exposes ugly and display corrupt can not lead people do good turns. †(Zou, 2006). Second, seeing from the external cause of the corruption crimes’ forming, bribery and corruption crimes are always a social syndrome, shift the responsibility is obviously wise. ribery and corruption crimes’ happen, â€Å"is a result of economy, politic, law, culture and some other factors’ synthesis process, not only relate to bribery and corruption criminals that greedy pursue the improper economic interest and extremely ignore to the national social public interest, but also has close relate to the confusion of the state economy management and the lack of the society supervise, as well as criminal law’s negligence. (Wang, 2004) On one hand, made significant achievements in economic reform today, the political system lags behind, the condition of power highly concentrate has not fundamentally changed yet, and the party committee and government have too much power so they give party and government leader’s excessive power and make them control too much social resources. Coupled with a lack of leadership within the power constraints, supervision is often a mere formality. So, some people who relaxation of ideological and moral cultivation, self-awareness is not strong walking to the abyss of corruption are an inevitable phenomenon. This lag of the political system is made of history and system and a variety of complex factors, and can not change by using death penalty for individual corrupt criminals. On the other hand, some people think that Chinas use of the death penalty for corruption crimes, shows that we stepped up punishment of the crime of corruption is bound to greatly reduce the incidence of corruption crime. However, what we think is not the same as the fact, in China, the penalty which install for bribery and corruption crime is â€Å"severe†, but criminal law is â€Å"negligence†. â€Å"In the installed laws, the problems of legislate negligence, concept lurred and difficult to operating exist in a large amount, the problem in legislate quality restricts anti-corruption practice. † All these above show reasons that from bribery and corruption crime—corrupt officials’ own psychology defect, besides, many factors from external circumstance. It is a â€Å"social syn drome†, and this symptom can not be cured by only carrying out severe penalty to corrupt officials, and our country should shoulder the responsibility of system’s maturity, if our country ascribe the blame to corrupt officials themselves, I’m afraid the country has a suspicion that transfer responsibility and hoarkae people’s enmity. So, speaking of a corrupt official, our country is â€Å"happy to kill him†, really. However, it cannot cure the whole society’s corrupt crime but produce more corrupt officials. System construct has properties of fundamental, overall and long-term, and it’s the basic safeguard for economy, politic and social optimum movement. Same, to prevent bribery and corruption crime must always focus on system construct, not only strike when it happen, but also prevent before it happen. (Tan, 2006) therefore, we can say that, enhance system construct is the necessary road of preventing bribery and corruption crime radically. Because the time that China prevent and cure bribery and corruption crime by system construct is short, comparison with western countries, in system install and operate, our country is not so perfect or match, it leads China’s rate of bribery and corruption crime increasing year by year. We should learn the achievements in using system to prevent bribery and corruption crime from western developed countries, to get ready for preventing bribery and corruption crime in system efficiently. Third, speaking of bribery and corruption crime, the method that â€Å"Beat the dog before the lion† is not so efficient and penalty’s general prevention function don’t show to public. The death penalty for the corrupt officials, surely achieve the aim of special prevention and they won’t crime again forever. However, are there any deterrent for other corrupt officials? Feuerbach, who is a famous jurist of classical school of criminal law, also thinks that law express stipulation penalty of different kinds of crime, at the same time, the law announces that any kinds of crime must be penalized. Depending on using penalty to prevent crime, is not focusing on strictness but on stringency. Deterrent of penalty should include three aspects, the first one is that penalty has necessity; it means that anyone who affront law must be punished. The second one is that penalty must has promptness, means people who affront laws must be punished in time, to let them aware of the inevitable causality between crime action and penalty. The third one is that penalty must has strictness. These threes aspects relate closely and cannot be divided. They influence and restrain the deterrent of penalty together. Emphasize the strictness of penalty alone and ignore another two aspects, obviously penalty’s general prevention is not so efficient. Forth, seeing the bribery and corruption crime’s stipulation in countries all over the world, make its penalty to be death penalty is not fit international fashion. Use death penalty to bribery and corruption crime is out of tune with the international in common principle that â€Å"death penalty doesn’t extradition†, instead even more does not favor to the serious bribery and corruption crime attack. Majority countries stipulate prison term between six months and ten years. But in South Africa, people who first bribe will be put in jail at least 15 years, second time 20 years, above 2 times the time will be 25 years. In China, the same crime, it may be life imprison or even death penalty. From this we can see that China may be the most crucial country that attack bribery and corruption crime for install death penalty for bribery and corruption crime, but its rate of bribery and corruption crime increase year by year. Other countries don’t install death penalty for bribery and corruption crime, and there aren’t so many bribery and corruption crimes. Besides, the international current role â€Å"death penalty doesn’t extradition† makes many Chinese corrupt officials escape to foreign countries and cannot be extradited back to China to judged, and it also makes nation public property loss. Many corrupt officials make use of this hole escape to foreign countries, America, Canada and some other countries become their harbor. The aim that China installs death penalty for bribery and corruption crime is to attack bribery and corruption crime better, but backfire, this becomes a â€Å"reasonable reason† to corrupt officials. The feasibility for abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes The Opportunity for abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes Violent crimes directly point at human’s life right, and directly threat to people’s life and health, to abolish death penalty in this area, it is a great challenge for the view of â€Å"a death for a death† which passed down for thousands years in China, it would certainly causes un uproar and meets with reat resistances; it is not necessary to achieve abolishment of death penalty in military crimes and state crimes, but to link to current situation in china, it has a certain sense to remain the death penalty for maintaining China’s national security and unity, and maintaining social stability and economic order a nd stability. Only corruption crimes, it concerns on the money interests, and it encroach on the building system of an incorruptible government, by the standard for China determine nature of crimes with social harmfulness, to abolish death penalty in this field undoubtedly has the least resistance and is according to the international trends, it has more operability. Moreover, compared to other crimes, corruption crimes are entirely preventable, it is no need to threaten and punish with extreme penalty in all respects. In my opinion, although there are variety of reasons for corruption crimes on the surface, but in reality, it may have roots in a proper system——although not all of it, at least, it can be prevented form the system. However, the happen reason of violent crime is one’s inner violence desires, or the performance of a occasional crime of passion, or the performance of a calculated crime through the course of a crime in preparation, all of them are not the problems which can be solved from the system level. Therefore, the abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes is completely feasible. The theoretical basis and sociological basis for abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes have been founded The theoretical community of China has long advocated that death penalty should not be abolished immediately, but government should gradually reduce and strictly limit death penalty, and provide the conditions for abolishing it in the future. To achieve this goal, many scholars have put forward different options to reduce and limit death penalty. Although these theories exist many differences, but one thing in common, they all think that the applicable scope of death penalty should be limited to crimes which serious harm to national security, public safety, and personal safety. In most countries which keep death penalty, they also have not set the death penalty for corruption crimes. Jiang Bixin thought that based on the historical tradition and legal culture, the reality situation of China and the public values and other factors, it is unrealistic to completely abolish death penalty in present. The key of prevention and containment for economic crimes is to sound economic management system, to improve the social supervision mechanism; government should abolish death penalty for most corruption crimes. This view is as the same as the objective of building a socialist harmonious society and establish a new culture in China. In conclusion, the theoretical basis and sociological basis for abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes have been founded. Use ratio of corruption crimes is low in recent years In recent years, from the use of corruption crimes of death penalty in judicial practices, few cases have been sentenced to death, it account for a few percentages of the incidence of these crimes, so death penalty of corruption crimes is keeping itself for future possible use. Many corruption crimes cases which the amount of the province with tens or hundreds thousands did not apply death penalty. Abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes is conducive to have a unified jurisdiction in China Abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes is conducive to main criminal disposition be unified with related mechanisms of Hong Kong and Macao. â€Å"In recent, China’s subject increasingly close exchanges with political and economic of these regions, personnel exchanges gradually achieve the accessibility, it is great practical significance. (Roger, 2005) For now, China Mainland sentenced the death penalty for some comers who came from Hong Kang and Macao; it also caused a number of international non-governmental organizations concerned. Amnesty International thought: â€Å"when many criminals who implement crimes in HKSAR and MCSAR have been sentenced death penalty by China Mainland, this makes effectiveness problems which are called â€Å"transfer rather than extradition to China Mainland† emerged from the water; in the foreseeable future, Amnesty Internati onal will continue to launch attack to the Chinese government on this issue. Immediate abolishment of death penalty of corruption crimes is the need of completely fighting against the corruption crimes suspects fled Since 1992 to the end of June 2007, in the Chinese corruption criminals fled, there are 87 provincial and ministerial levels, 320 are to departmental level, 1920 is to vice departmental level, 8250 is to the division level, 11340 is to the deputy position at the division level, it is a total of about 16000 people; these people embezzled and took over one billion of RMB. In fact, it is a very conservative data. In fighting against them, China have been caught in a dilemma: Because most countries have abolished the death penalty, according to a particular principle of extradition, these countries generally made in its extradition legislation with the principle of non-extradition of the death penalty, Chinese government can not have commitments of â€Å"corrupt officials will not be sentenced to death for these countries†. If Chinese government has these commitments, it would be contrary to Chinese law, at the same time, it is difficult to achieve fairness for corrupt officials fled in the criminal law, and leading to different punishment with the same crime; this problem is particularly that reflected in the crime. To solve these problems, the fundamental method is abolishing death penalty for bribery and corruption crime. Abolishing death penalty is a trend that is already reached common ground in academic cycle. Many people think that China does not have the conditions of abolishing death penalty. As abolishing death penalty is the thing that must do sooner or later, we must walk out the first step. And today is a good chance. Predict for bribery and corruption crime with no death penalty Abolishing death penalty for bribery and corruption crime, on one hand, makes the penalty measures of bribery and corruption crime more reasonable, on the other hand, can restrain corrupt officials’ escaping and reduce the space that they can escape and hide. Abolishing death penalty for bribery and corruption crime has a strong justice practice meaning: our government can sing extradition role with developed countries which hidden many corrupt officials and thorough attack escaping corrupt officials; at the same time, it is an efficient frighten to the potential criminals to hardly reduce the escape space. On one aspect, abolishing death penalty for bribery and corruption crime shows more justify by sentence with the amount of money or circumstances. On another aspect, penalty’s determinism will obtain a thorough implementation with escaping corrupt officials becoming less, which decrease bribery and corruption crimes. In 1997, China published â€Å"New Law† which abolishes death penalty for steal crime. Through these years’ check, the rate of steal crime is not increasing apparently after abolishing death penalty and common people don’t show much more attention. Therefore, speaking of practicing, abolishing death penalty for economic crime is totally possible. Works Cited [1] Changsha Evening News, March 11, 2006. [2] Zhao, Bingzhi. From China’s Death Penalty Policy to See the Issue about Abolishment of Death Penalty of Non-violent Crime. Beijing: Chinese People Security University Press, 2004. [3] Ma, Kechang. To Carry Out The â€Å"Kill Fewer, Kill Carefully† Criminal Policy. Beijing: Chinese People Security University Press, 2006. [4] Chen, Xingliang. Ontic Crime Law. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 2001. [5] Zhao, Bingzhi. Exploration Of Way About Abolishment Of Death Penalty. Beijing: China Prosecution Publishing House, 2004. [6] Ma, Kechang. A Brief History Of Modern Western Criminal Law. Beijing: China Prosecution Publishing House, 2004. [7] Liu, Lu. Psychological Characteristics And Punishment Of Duty Crime. Journal of Zhejiang Public Security College, 2005. [8] Ma, Kechang. To Carry Out The â€Å"Kill Fewer, Kill Carefully† Criminal Policy. Beijing: Chinese People Security University Press, 2006. 9] Zou, Yunxiang; Tian, Hongjie. A Study On Certainty Of Strengthening Anti-corruption Legislation And Law Enforcement. China Young Daily, 2006. [10] Wang, Zuofu. Reflection On Legislation Of Death Penalty Of Duty Crime. Beijing: China Prosecution Publishing House, 2004. [11] Tan, Zhongchi. Duty Crimes Must Be The Protection For System. Procuratorate Daily, 2006. [12] Roger, Hood. Global Survey Of Death Penalty. Beijing: China Prosecution Publishing House, 2005.

The Lust for Power in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay

The Lust for Power in Macbeth by William Shakespeare *Works Cited Not Included Macbeths destiny and his lust for power, confirmed by the Three Witches and Lady Macbeth, leads to destruction. Every act that Macbeth commits effects the kingdom as a whole. Macbeths indecisiveness and his understanding of success cause this destruction. This lust for power leads Macbeth, as it would all men, to an evil that exist in everyone. It is his destiny to fail. The tragedy of Macbeth opens up with him returning home from a victorious military battle, displaying his honor and excellence. This is, also the first time he is presented with the opportunity for power. His success covered him†¦show more content†¦How can one of such honor, fall into something as evil as the murder of King Duncan? Macbeths feels that his destiny is to become King and rule with all the power that goes with kingship. The three witches on his way back to t he kingdom, prophesied that he would rise to kingship. They said All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis (I, 3, 48), and then as the thane of Cawdor All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Cawdor (I, 3, 49). At this point in the play Macbeth had just become thane of Glamis, and the thane of Cawdor is still alive. Then, the witches greeted Macbeth as the King of Scotland saying All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be King hereafter (I, 3, 50). This is the point in the tragedy where Macbeth starts to think as a villain. If the witches had never greeted him as King on Scotland, then he would probably never have contemplated killing Duncan in the first place. At first, he believes that he will need to kill King Duncan. Though at the end of Act 1, Scene 3, he thinks that perhaps he doesnt need to do anything to become the king saying If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir., showing he is a man of honor and morals. Then, Lady Macbeth hears of the p rophecy in his letters and decides immediately for him that King Duncan must die, showing Macbeths doubt. AnShow MoreRelatedLust of Power Depicted in William Shakespeare ´s Macbeth Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesMurder, ghosts, and floating daggers are the usual attractions for most that read William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and yet there is an important theme that some might overlook. Written in the early 17th century, Macbeth is believed to be based upon historical events listed in Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of Scotland and other current events of the time. Shakespeare constructs the memorable world of Macbeth with a mysterious and sinister atmosphere, incorporating diabolical elements into this worldRead MoreThe Witches By William Shakespeare942 Words   |  4 PagesMan contains desires and longings, inevitable at the least. 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In Macbeth, thingsRead MoreUnchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear1458 Words   |  6 PagesIn many of the plays by William Shakespeare, the central character goes through internal and external changes that ultimately shake their foundations to the core. Numerous theories have been put forth to explain the sequence of tragedies Shakespeare wrote during this period by linking it to some experience of melancholy, anger, despair, and the antagonist s ultimate fall from grace in their lust for power. But such theories overlook the fact that it is in th is very same period and in the same tragicRead MoreAmbition and Death - the Story of the Renaissance in Macbeth1189 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance in Macbeth In the tragic drama Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in 1606 during the English Renaissance, the hero, Macbeth, constantly declines in his level of morality until his death at the end of the play. 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Macbeth acts as his own adversary shown through his paranoia and insecurity that ultimately, led him to be a corrupted individual because of his greedinessRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagescenturies now, philosophers have studied people and why they have such a lust for power and authority. Conclusions have been made that power gives people an instant gratification and recognition. There are many different references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies

Growing up in different times Heaney and Wordsworth Free Essays

William Wordsworth grew up in the Lake District in Cumbria, England during the very end of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. Here he lived with his aunt and sister. Being surrounded by nature was a huge impact on Wordsworth’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Growing up in different times: Heaney and Wordsworth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nature was everything from his teacher to almost his lover. He gradually grew to believe that nature was God. This idea that was everything for him is demonstrated very well in his poetry. Seamus Heaney was born in Northern Ireland in Derry. He was born before the height of the troubles but did live through a hard life living on a farm in rural Ireland. Living on the farm helped him to grow up and realise what real life was like. He learned things like dealing with death. There are similarities in both poets’ writing. For example both people grew up with nature and it was nature that taught them what real life was truly like. There are also differences for Heaney nature was only like a teacher while for Wordsworth nature was even things like his conscience. Heaney grew from fear to confidence. Wordsworth’s writing was very philosophical and always contained a much deeper meaning than Heaney’s writing did. This is just a few poems from Heaney’s anthology Death of a Naturalist. In the poem â€Å"Death of a Naturalist† the change Seamus experiences is one which we all experience yet at the time do not know that it has taken place and probably for some years will not know. The poem begins with a light description of the childhood ritual, collecting frogspawn. Every year he collects â€Å"jampotfuls† to put on shelves both at home and school. Now as Heaney is quite young he would not be aware of how the frogspawn got there. And no one is prepared to truthfully tell him. But his class teacher describes how â€Å"The daddy frog called a bullfrog, And how he croaked, and how the mammy frog Laid hundreds of little eggs.† But of course this is not how it happened and of course eventually one day we all find out about sexuality. Heaney’s day came when one year while collecting the frogspawn â€Å"the angry frogs Invaded the flax-dam,† he heard a â€Å"coarse croaking that I had not heard before.† He believes the frogs are beginning to gang up on him to take revenge for all the eggs he has taken but of course nothing of the sort is happening, it is just that all the frogs are having sex. â€Å"On sods; their loose necks pulsed liked sails. Some hopped: The slap and plop were obscene threats†¦. †¦their blunt heads farting. I sickened, turned and ran.† This image is a grotesque image in which subconsciously young Seamus discovers his sexuality. For a minute he is aware but afraid to admit it to himself in case he may lose that childhood innocence so he turns away sickened, longing for the moment that he was unaware of this disgusting act. â€Å"Dawn Shoot† is again a different type of poem. In this poem Seamus has no fear to conquer and no bridge to cross whether real or imaginary. This poem is really about how far he has come. Rather than cry over the death of animals in â€Å"Early Purges†, he is enjoying the killing of animals. He is totally carefree and not worried about shooting an animal or how badly wounded it should become or even if it dies. He is even stealthy so not to scare the animals to ensure he gets a kill. â€Å"Rubber-booted, belted, tense as two parachutists, We climbed the iron gate.† When an animal is finally killed they don’t even care to retrieve it as â€Å"the prices were too small.† I have chosen two extracts from Wordsworth poem â€Å"The Prelude.† In the poem â€Å"The Prelude (I)† Wordsworth follows a similar theme of growing up. In this poem young Wordsworth takes a boat which is not his and he is feeling very adventurous. â€Å"It was an act of stealth And troubled pleasure.† He felt very good when he took the boat and was having a very good time, until Wordsworth realises what he has done wrong but this is not realised until he reaches his destination in the lake. â€Å"The horizon’s bound, a huge peak, black and huge, As if with voluntary power instinct Upreared its head.† This is the climax of the poem and helps show the sudden change in mood. Wordsworth is happily rowing the boat when suddenly this huge big thing shows itself. To Wordsworth this is some sort of hideous creature. But in fact as you go through the poem you learn that this is the first few signs of his developing conscience. â€Å"For many days my brain Worked with a dim and undetermined sense Of unknown modes of being; o’er my thoughts There hung a huge darkness†¦. †¦moved slowly through the mind By day, and were a trouble to my brain.† These show the signs of a guilty conscience, guilty from knowing he took the boat: a moral Wordsworth is being taught about from nature and it again points to his emerging belief of Pantheism, that nature is God. The main focus in this poem â€Å"The Prelude (II)† is that of moving on. The poem has a picturesque setting of the â€Å"twilight gloom† This type of light however would tell Wordsworth to go inside, as if nature was telling him as a parent calls their children. But â€Å"I heeded not their summons.† So he carried on â€Å"All shod with steel, We hissed along on the polished ice in games:† a nice use of alliteration to convey the movement of ice skating. But Wordsworth being a Pantheist he cannot stay so he wonders off; â€Å"not seldom from the uproar I retired.† Wordsworth here shows his poetic ability and understanding of nature because he realises that the hills are â€Å"melancholic.† His subconscious understanding of nature forces him to go off and explore. What he realises is that everything around him is moving. â€Å"With visible motion her diurnal round! Behind me did they stretch in solemn train, Feebler and feebler, and I stood and watched Till all was tranquil as dreamless sleep.† The movement of the earth that he experiences here shows him that he is part of a moving, living universe. It is as if he has travelled with the spirit in God of nature. I think everyone could relate to Wordsworth’s and Heaney’s poems in someway: I know that I can relate to his feeling of a spirit in the woods. When I was lost I in the woods I felt as if someone was there showing where to go. The one thing we must all realise is that, we will all grow up: it is unstoppable and inevitable. I savour the thought. How to cite Growing up in different times: Heaney and Wordsworth, Papers

Health Principles Reflection and Benefits Of Reducing The Diseases

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Principles Reflection and Benefits Of Reducing The Diseases Prevalence. Answer: Reflection The health care system in Australia is multifaceted and complex in natures. The health care systems and application s of the health policy on the population play role in health care practice. Management of health care practice is crucial in delivering of access to health to the population .both health financing and distribution of health care services is the duty of the state. However in rolling out these health care services, guidelines must be followed to ensure that key access to the people is achieved. The focus of intervention in public health are prevent and mange diseases, injuries and emerging medical conditions. It is usually done based on the promotion of healthy behaviors in the community and the surrounding environment that we live in. public health initiatives such as such as immunization and vaccinations programs have placed a key role in ensuring the health of the overall population at large. Such measures have increased the life expectancy of the populations. Diseases prevention in public health has yielded significant efforts in both developing and the developed countries. To achieve this local health systems and efforts of nongovernmental organizations have played a key role in the implementation of these programs. The WHO, role in health care is playing a critical role in enduring the health of the population is achieved. Most governments around the globe have recognized the importance of public health programs in minimizing the incidence and the prevalence of diseases worldwide. Public health initiatives have shown to provide improvement in public health thought initiatives like eradication of the diseases like small pox. The functions of public health programs according to the world heath organizations are that, they provide leadership on critical matters pertaining health care and they engage the different level of partnerships in ensuring the access to health care is achieved., it has shaped the research agenda of the different populations through eh stimulation of and transfer of critical information in the health care practice. Public health program heave shaped the research agenda of the populations through setting norms and standard bench marks for the implementation s and promotion of health care services. Public health approach is that it should be population based and insist on the collective responsibility of health in the protection and preventing diseases. It further emphasizes the role of the sate in public health practice. The key domains for public health practice are that it improves on the health care practice of the health of the people. Improvement of the health services of the peo ple are that they improve on the clinical functionality, efficiency and service planning for the population. In informing health care practice, there is need to provide a rational for protection for the health of the people through prevention of infectious diseases, chemicals and managing environmental hazards facing the people. Investing in the health of the people is much significant in improving their overall health, however we often ask ourselves the question how much worth investing should be done. In ensuring effective health promotion and prevention of diseases, investments are needed to be given priority. The monetary benefits of investment however are a measure of how healthy the population is at a given time. Quantifying health outcomes of the population has been the challenging task of modern day society. The regard that quality of life can be measured from good health it is associated; they value it as valuable outcome beyond measure. The estimates of health care in relation to the health status and the financial benefits have been advanced in the modern day society. In justifying in terms of investment it aims at reducing the prevalence of health factors towards the achievement of good health. Currently the current research and focus has now shifted to the greater investment in the health care s ervices. The rich wealth of information on health care practice is aimed at achieving health information that enable us to make informed decisions on policy priority set ups and funding priorities in the health care arena. Programs which implement prevention care has found out those small investments are needed to achieve effective health care protection unlike providing treatment services to the people already affected by the diseases, which in turn are resource intensive. Hence in following the principles of public health, we are able to achieve and reduce the prevalence and incidences of diseases and thus lead to improved quality of life. Priority setting exercise The program has health benefits of reducing the diseases prevalence as the main focus for prevention of diseases occurrence and minimizes hospitalization and diseases exposure. It estimates the health status of people in the region of river land in terms of socio economic status and the financial inputs needed to reduce the prevalence of the risk factors which contribute to the diseases which affect the health status of the community. The application of the health principles for dieases prevention is utilized. The WHO public health principles are also applicable in this program, (Peterson Kwan, 2004). Communities tend to use more health services when a number of chronic and emerging diseases are setting base. This leads to increase cost of health care expenditure and the situation is critical among populations in the lower socio economic status. Reducing prevalence is one way that aims to provide an approach to improve the health of this category of people. The factors which have sh own to affect the quality of health in the region of Riverlands, Australia, have been highlighted from base study conducted, which showed socioeconomic disadvantage affecting the poles health., (Gibney, Cheng Hall Leder, 2017). Spending in health care in this zone is likely to produce 20.6% of prevalence outcome in low socio economic status, hospitalization incidence outcome will be 25.3% and mortality outcomes will be 24.2 %. The socio economic factors affecting the population of River land are diverse and present. From research analysis majority of the population aged 25-64 years are prone to ill health, (Zhang Oldenburg, 2014). With the intervention rolls out it shows that the outcomes of hospitalization will be reduced by 25.3%, still high. The disparities in the health care services and access relate to the status of the population, they contribute to high hospitalization rate. Findings from other studies have that the entire priority setting of the large Australia region, gaps exists on health care access among the least socio economic statues. The socio economic status is linked to this deferential health statistics, (Katterl, 2011). The total budget spending will be $2,042,998,828.68 to effectively run the entire programs outline and be able to achieve the outcomes outlined above. The approach will be based upon five categories. The first being primary prevention targeting mass awareness campaigns for the community. Individual activities under this target are; smocking awareness campaigns, alcohol based campaigns and nutritional and physical campaign activities .The total budget spending for these is $336,655,173. For the second approach will be targeting education campaigns which entail, smoking reduction programs, drinking awareness campaigns, sugar consumption and overweight /obesity campaigns and psychological distress awareness campaigns for the community. The estimated budget for these activities is $ 265,600,756 The overall outcome of the socioeconomic approach is to reduce the disease prevalence in the population of River land. Diseases management approaches have now become popular approaches worldwide, (Diets et al., 2015). For the reduction of diseases prevalence to be effective, the target population was reviewed and their demographic characteristics taken and the individual expenditure calculated so as to get the actual per person spending on prevention program. Positive health outcome is achieved through investment on health care services, increasing expenditure on health allocation and patient satisfaction must be achieved. Prevention programs in health care have been developed and implemented through health care plans. Many programs are now utilizing the multi approach, (Eldredge et al., 2016). The target population is practicing smoking as per study done. Persons aged 25-64 are more likely to drink alcohols hence the focus of the study is target campaign against alcohol consumption and smoking. The health program has been implemented comprehensively to balance the health resources that are available with the health needs of the population. The program has followed WHO public health approach steps. First assessment is the identification of problems which were conducted and the program formulated by the program through the socio economic status of the River land region. The program has identified risk factors associated which are alcohol, smoke, the respiratory diseases and development of interventions which the interventions have been targeted by the program and the implementation of the interventions. The interventions are effective and promising to have a positive change in the set up region. From the assessments the interventions are likely have a positive impact on the population of the river land. References Dietz, W. H., Baur, L. A., Hall, K., Puhl, R. M., Taveras, E. M., Uauy, R., Kopelman, P. (2015). Management of obesity: improvement of health-care training and systems for prevention and care. The Lancet, 385(9986), 2521-2533. Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Kok, G., Ruiter, R. A., Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Gibney, K. B., Cheng, A. C., Hall, R., Leder, K. (2017). Sociodemographic and geographical inequalities in notifiable infectious diseases in Australia: a retrospective analysis of 21 years of national disease surveillance data. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(1), 86-97. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30309-7 Katterl R. (2011). Socioeconomic status and accessibility to health care services in Australia. RESEARCH ROUNDup Issue 22. Adelaide: Primary Health Care Research Information Service. Petersen, P. E., Kwan, S. (2004). Evaluation of community-based oral health promotion and oral disease prevention-WHO recommendations for improved evidence in public health practice. Community dental health, 21(4), 319-329. Zhang, J., Oldenburg, B. F. (2014). Socioeconomic inequalities in utilisation of preventive health services in relation to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Journal of Behavioral Health, 3(2), 87-94.

Will The World Starve Essays - Population, Environmental Issues

Will the World Starve? Looking out a window upon a barren desert, a dry wasteland unfolds as a carpet to nowhere. Abandoned cities dot the horizon, as the ruins speak volumes to the once populated extravagance of a country which lived on wealth and opportunity. The vision just described is not one out of a Hollywood movie script, but one that is not only possible but probable. Currently, the world population numbers over six billion, with China alone cradling over one-sixth of the world's total population. With the world population increasing at a rate of one hundred million a year, the numbers are expected to hit ten billion by the end of 2040. Most scientists agree that the maximum number of people that the earth can sustain is fifteen billion, leaving the earth in a quandary before the end of the twenty-first century when the total world population is expected to reach a staggering sixteen to eighteen billion. The consumption of the world's natural resources due to this exponential growth could result in worldwide famine, a complete breakdown in the world market, uncontrollable outbreaks of disease, and widespread crime and disorder. Currently, the ratio of land which can be used for agricultural endeavors is estimated to be one in nine acres. The world's produce producer is only a small sliver of a total land mass apple pie sliced into nine equal, yet tiny slices and as the amount of soil suitable for agriculture dwindles, the slice with which the world relies on continues to shrink. Considering the little amount of available farmland, it should be expected that there would be more of an effort to conserve this vital resource, but unfortunately the issue has not yet risen to a level of global importance. The amount of fertile topsoil is becoming more and more unusable for agriculture. Water, used for the irrigation of the world's life giving crops, contains naturally dissolved minerals and over time the minerals from the irrigated water supply collect in the topsoil. After many years of constantly farming a particular region, the soil begins to become less and less fertile. This process, known as salinization, has affected many of the farms around the world. Once this process is complete, the soil becomes totally useless for any kind of farming. Over long periods of time, salinization, combined with the erosion of the topsoil due to wind and rain, starts to cause the world's farmlands to exponentially dissipate. Ethiopia is a prime example of how salinization, combined with overgrazing and erosion, has affected every aspect of the economy. Food shortages, lack of domestic trade products, and low incomes for farmers and agricultural workers are all bi-products of a land ravaged by overuse and abuse. With the people scrambling to find a quick fix solution to this problem that has been building for decades, the economy along with the people's only domestic food source, is slipping further and further into a seemingly unrecoverable disaster. The earth's industry is expected to produce enough manufactured materials to support the world's current six billion people. The list of finished products includes food (from agriculture), clothes and all other luxuries which most of the world has become accustomed. If most scientists are correct, the maximum capacity of which the world can sustain is estimated to be fifteen billion people. Maximum capacity is described as the amount of people that can be sustained without causing a complete breakdown in society. Numerous scientists have speculated that many of the world's natural resources used to support current life such as clean water and air, gasoline, oil, and even coal will almost be completely depleted up by the end of the century. With decimated natural resources, a lack of topsoil, and a completely over-populated planet, anthropologists have agreed that the end of the century, if not before, will culminate in a complete breakdown of industry in the world market. With this extinction of resources looming, it is obvious that new methods of energy and topsoil conservation need to be discovered. Speculation has been made that it is too late to turn back the dependence which humans have developed for natural resources. How can anyone be expected to turn away from their gas-powered cars and their electric houses? If, however, the current rate of consumption continues, then there is no doubt what the future will hold. Since 1950 half of the world's trees have been cut down and every day six square acres of rain forest are lost to the hum of a

NASA Not Ready for Safe Manned Mars Mission

NASA Not Ready for Safe Manned Mars Mission NASA lacks the â€Å"right stuff† to deal with the dangers involved in sending humans to Mars and bringing them back – alive according to the space agency’s own Office of Inspector General (IG). In his 48-page report, NASA inspector general Paul K. Martin stated that NASA â€Å"faces significant challenges† in protecting Mars mission crews, and that it is being too â€Å"optimistic† in projecting its timetable for responding to the risks. As a result, Mars-bound humans â€Å"may have to accept a higher level of risk than those who fly International Space Station missions.† Now planned for the 2030s, NASA’s first human mission to Mars will be fraught with new dangers such as deep space radiation, increased cancer risk, impaired vision, negative effects of extended space travel on human behavior and performance. Reality check: By the 2030s, there will still be no warp drives, transporters, replicators or other â€Å"Star Trek† wonders to help our Mars-bound astronauts get there faster and stay alive longer. In fact, as IG Martin notes, they might even run out of food. Running out of Food? Yes, even basic nutrition could become a big problem, according to the report, because: A mission to Mars and back will take at least 3 years, but the current maximum shelf life for NASA’s prepackaged foods is only 1.5 years.The vehicle carrying astronauts to Mars and back will probably be far smaller than the International Space Station, providing significantly less room for food storage.Periodic resupply missions carrying more food, like those currently serving the Space Station, will not be possible.Finally, NASA scientists do not know how deep space radiation will affect the quality, shelf life and nutritional value of food. While NASA is investigating resupply alternatives, including actually growing food in the Mars spacecraft, the IG stated, â€Å"Despite 35 years of experience with space flight and research in this area, NASA food scientists continue to face challenges from crew member weight loss, dehydration, and reduced appetite that can result in nutrient deficiencies both during and post mission.† Dangers and Costs of Dealing with Them Not Known While NASA has developed ways to deal with most of the risks of travel in low Earth orbit, many of the added risks associated with long duration space travel – like trips to Mars and back are not yet fully understood. In addition, taxpayers, IG Martin also found that NASA cannot accurately project the true costs of creating ways to deal with the Mars mission risks. In fact, the ability of NASA to pay for a manned Mars mission, safe or not, is questionable given its shrinking share of the annual federal budget, which Congress has shown no signs of enlarging any time soon. â€Å"NASA has taken positive steps to address the human health and performance risks inherent in space travel,† Martin wrote, adding, â€Å"Long duration missions will likely expose crews to health and human performance risks for which NASA has limited effective countermeasures. †¦ Accordingly, the astronauts chosen to make at least the initial forays into deep space may have to accept a higher level of risk than those who fly International Space Station missions.† A ‘Culture of Silos’ Dragging NASA Down In his report, IG Martin contends that NASA’s scientists and engineers are held back by their tendency to work in what he called a â€Å"culture of silos,† in which technical teams work and collaborate only with specialists within their own areas of expertise. In other words, not enough research data is being shared. â€Å"We found multiple examples of work taking place on health and human performance risks that suffered from such communication silos,† Martin wrote. According to the report, NASA’s has so far failed to give its astronaut life safety community a designated representative to work with the engineering, safety, and mission planning communities to ensure that issues of astronaut health and physical performance are fully and properly considered. IG Found Some Progress, But†¦ IG Martin did find that NASA had been taking some steps to lessen the risks of the Mars mission including a new Mars rover, set for launch in 2020, that will be able to extract and collect oxygen from thin Martian atmosphere and ways to grow food in the almost sterile Martian soil. However, Martin concluded that NASA must speed up its work on astronaut safety in order to meet its established manned Mars mission goals and timetables.

White Collar criminals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

White Collar criminals - Essay Example The problem is that cognitive biases existing in the community prevent people from realizing that white collar criminals are potential threats to the society. Popular perceptions about what constitutes crime can be illustrated if one examines two instances of offenses, one that falls in the stereotypical notion and the other in the white collar crime category, as under: Scenario-1: A mugger waylays a person on a dark, desolated street and demands he parts away with his possessions. The man hands over his wallet and the thug empties it of its contents of 50 dollars and throws the wallet back at the man. He mutters some threats to him, stuffs the bills into his pocket, and sneaks into a murky alley. Terrified but grateful that he is unhurt, the man summons the police, files a report and goes his way, wondering how widespread crimes have become. Scenario 2: An employee of a heating and air conditioning firm attends a complaint at a home which has been damaged in a recent storm. The HVAC unit outside has been battered and the inspection reveals that it requires some minor repairs. However, the employee reports to the homeowner’s insurance company that the entire system needs replacement as it is completely damaged. Thus, his company gains a hefty profit, by fraudulent means. When one considers both these events, it becomes apparent that in the first episode, a thug waylays a person, robs him of 50 dollars. The victim recognizes this act as a crime, and the police register a case against the perpetrator. In the second instance, though the company has gained an undue benefit of a larger sum, the incident has neither been acknowledged as a crime nor has anybody taken cognizance of it. Thus, it transpires that white collar crimes do occur in the society, which is of much greater magnitude than normal crimes, but people hardly recognize this fact. As can be evidenced from the above

Dreams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dreams - Research Paper Example A study had been done to show how the lives of people can have a great effect on what and how they dream. After comparing what people go through and what they dream about, it has been determined that the events and situations that a person faces plays a big role in what they dream. A dream is a sequence of mental images, thoughts and feelings that involuntarily take place while an individual is sleeping. Sigmund Freud hypothesized the Dynamic Theory of Dream Formation to help explain what actually causes dreams to be formed. This theory states that dreams are constructed in the brain of a sleeping individual by unconscious impulses, or an incident or thought that had been silenced throughout the day that makes itself known as a underlying thought while the brain is resting. â€Å"Every dream is on the one hand the fulfillment of a wish on the part of the unconscious and on the other hand the fulfillment of the normal wish to sleep which sets the sleep going (Freud, 2003).† Rapid eye movement (REM) is a vital aspect of both sleeping and dreaming. REM is the standard stage of sleep that is distinguished by rapid movements of the eyes. This cycle of rapid eye movement contains two other categories: tonic and phasic. The rapid eye movement cycle is also characterized by low muscle tone and a swift, low voltage electroencephalography (EEG). Dominating brain waves are not present during the rapid eye movement cycle as the brain is not at its complete functioning level. In a typical night, individuals go though four or five bouts of rapid eye movement sleep, all of which totals an hour and a half to two hours at the maximum. Dreams take place during the rapid eye movement cycle as this is when the person is in the deepest of sleep. The dreams that most people are able to remember after waking up are those that are done during the rapid eye movement cycle. This is mostly due in part to the fact that it is common for people to wake up after

Meeting Needs of Children with Incarcerated Mothers

Meeting Needs of Children with Incarcerated Mothers RESTRICTED CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS INTRODUCTION This study was aimed to determine whether the basic needs are met or not by the children of incarcerated mothers in Welikada prison. This chapter facilitates a discussion on the testing and finding relevance to the previous chapter corresponding to the defined hypothesis. Further, facts and figures and results will be discussed and it will also analyse the cross references to the literature reviewed. DISCUSSION BASED ON THE LITREATURE REVIEW As per the World Bank definition â€Å"Early childhood is the most rapid period of development in a human life. Although individual children develop at their own pace, all children progress through an identifiable sequence of physical, cognitive, and emotional growth and change. The Early Child Development (ECD) approach is based on the proven fact that young children respond best when caregivers use specific techniques designed to encourage and stimulate progress to the next level of development†. Many theorists have developed different concepts on the child development process, but once analyse all those very carefully, it seems that the idea is almost same which they have tried to prove. These theorists have discussed the development of human life in different stages of ages, here it is considered only the early childhood development up to the age of 5 years. Based on the literature review, it was analysed the international policy and trends in the care of children born behind bars. Most of the countries adopt the similar procedure that when a pregnant woman is imprisoned, she will be transferred to an outside hospital to give the child birth. This will be done to ensure the appropriate medical care and to avoid the place of birth place being as prison in the birth certificate. 5. In some countries, just after the child birth, they are separated from mother and kept in foster care or handed over to their relatives. This will negatively be affected to the children’s basic needs in their early childhood development such as breastfeeding, mother’s care and mother-child interaction and bond. However, in most states, the breastfeeding is encouraged. Many arguments indicate that child should not be separated from his mother in early stage of a child. In some of the low income countries, the baby delivery is carried out in the pris on. This will give number of health complications for both mother and child. Although some of facilities are available in the prison environment for the child living, they are not directly addressed to the children’s mental, emotional and physical development needs. In some prisons like in Cambodia and India, the mothers and children are not provided with adequate and also extra foods for children, clean water, washing and hygiene facilities, etc. Further, the children’s access to play, education, social interaction with other children and also to the outside of the prison environment are not properly addressed. Due to these reasons, the children of incarcerated mothers face many difficulties in their early childhood while living in the prison environment. Therefore, these literatures indicate that children born behind the bars are facing many development difficulties in their early childhood. However, some prisons like in Canada and Austria provide well advance facilities for mothers and child living in the prison as compared to the other prisons in the world. Although the adequate facilities are provided, the only drawback is the interaction of the children to the outside society is poor. This will affect to the children’s emotional, psychological and social development. (INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK) DISCUSSION BASED ON THE DATA PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS This sample survey was mainly focused to the mothers of children born behind the bars in Sri Lankan prisons. Due to the existing limitations for conduct this research, this survey was restricted only to Welikada prison. During the conduct of survey, it was found that only there were 16 children mothered to 15 incarcerated women. One woman had two children. The existing policy for care of mothers and children was thoroughly analysed during this survey. The pregnant mothers are provided maternity care from outside government hospitals same as other women and also it helps the children to avoid their birth place as prison in their birth certificate. Although the nursery facilities are not functioned as outside, it helps the children to develop their educational, language and cognitive development needs. Further, when the child comes to the age 5 years, he will be separated from the mother and handover to his relatives of kept in foster care. It seems a positive sign that child may get a opportunity to expose to the outside society. SURVIVAL AND LIFE SUSTAINING NEEDS The sample survey highlights some positive signs related to the survival and life sustaining needs for the children of incarcerated mothers in Welikada prison. Though the pure water, food, air, cloths and warmth are satisfactorily addressed, there is some shortage of cloths, variety of food items and extra foods. The provision of same types of food every day will lead the children to refuse the meals. However, these concerns are minor and probably better when consider the respondents’ socio-economic situations in outside the prison. Further, the children are provided with breastfeeding and being with mothers throughout the imprisonment until the child’s age of 5 years. These aspects are positively driven to the children’s physical, emotional developments. LIFE EMBELLESHING NEEDS The needs for the life embellishing development such as provision of toys, some fantasy and entertainment activities are not addressed satisfactorily, but they get enough opportunities to play with other children in the prison premises. However, these activities are restricted to a one particular area inside the prison wall. This restrictive environment hampered the children’s opportunities to explore as well as experience a variety of stimuli. Hence, these areas do not enhance the developmental opportunities of a child through the play. This will negatively affect to the children’s physical, social and emotional development. LIFE PROTECTING NEEDS Both the children and mothers are provided with the separate accommodation without merging with other prisoners, but it is not separated for each mother and child, everybody is living together in a single hall sharing two toilets amongst them. This affects to the child and mother’s well-being and hygienic issues and result in environmental stressors. The toilets and the accommodation areas are not always kept in very clean. The use of two toilets daily by 16 children and 15 mothers is a big issue which children face in the prison premises. Sleeping facilities for mother and child at Welikada prison is not beneficial for the development young children. It is depersonalising and depriving. It makes further worst by the situation that mothers and their children are confined to this area for longer period. The impacts of those are reflected in the mothers’ emotional state and then to the children. It seems that though the children and mothers are separated from other prisoners, the women prisoners have access to children’s living area. This will create number of negative effects on children such as expose to their bad behaviour and languages. It will obviously become a threat to the security of the children and especially for their physical development. Further, there may be some psychological effect on children as creating a unusual fear on men due to the children are always interact only with the women prisoners. On the other hand, these children are at a risk of child abuse and sexual harassment by the other prisoners. The health care facilities provided for the mothers and their children are not fully satisfied. The pregnant mothers have to go outside government hospitals for clinics and baby delivery, but it is also not a regularly happening. Once the baby delivery is done, the provision of care of Midwives for mother and baby will not be available in the prison premises. Further, if someone becomes ill during the night, there is no any medical section to deal with that and they need to call for prison authority for the arrangement to take the patient to outside government hospital. Further, the immunization vaccines are given to the children of different age categories, but the findings realized that they are not getting it at correct time. In accordance with the findings of children’s low weight, shortness and deficiency of vitamins are badly affected to the child development. These indicators show that children face many difficulties during their early childhood development. LIFE DEVELOPING NEEDS The children get enough leisure time and their mothers are also not engaging any activity other than their children. The available nursery helps children to enhance their educational measurer. The children’s access to freedom and thought and information is very low. They have been provided with one television in the hall, but it will not suffice to fulfil the requirement of the children. Above facts clearly indicate that these children have lesser possibility to expose to the outside society. Hence, this will lead to the risk of negative social and academic outcomes and unusual fear to outside people once they discharge from the prison. Further, they have opportunities to participate the religious activities inside the prison, but no cultural activities take place. All above factors discussed are directly affected to the social, emotional and cognitive development of a child. LIFE ENRICHING NEEDS In this aspect, children are benefitted up to certain extent through the prison nursery education. Though they have been tried to develop in this field, children are always exposed to prisoners and their environment. Hence, it is very difficult to get rid of them from that particular society system. Ultimately, this may be resulted to the risk of school failure and fall into conduct some criminals once they come out from the prisons. MOTHER-CHILD INTERACTION AND BOND Mother-child interaction and bond may not be happened automatically, but it may develop gradually over the time which they live together. In the Sri Lankan prison policy, mothers are allowed to keep their children up to the age of 5 years during their incarceration. It was proved during the sampling survey that the attachment existing between mothers and children is either anxious or ambivalent. Based on the literature review and findings from all the surveys, it is concluded that the best interest for the child is not to incarcerate with his mother. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS It is obvious that a child who stays with his incarcerated mother will not have opportunities to form an attachment with the rest of his family (especially with father), relatives and others in the society. In this regard it can be concluded that the child who stays with his incarcerated mother is prevented and restricted in his social development. However, it can be concluded as the prison environment is not favourable to the physical, emotional, social and psychological development of a child.

Jones Blair Case Study Essay

Jones †¢ Blair is a company that produces and sells architectural paint it also sell paint sundries which include paintbrushes and rollers. It caters to over 50 countries which are divided into two sectors the DFW area and the non-DFW area. Of the two the DFW area has been proven to be the most successful area for the company. In 1999 the company made 80 million in sales and 60% of this was contributed by the DFW area. There are two segments within the company’s main sales attributes and these are between the do it yourself market and the professional market. With regards to the professional market in the DFW area this accounted for 70% of sales In the non-DFW area 70% of sales were made through the do-it-yourself market. During a meeting the company discussed the problem of where and how to carry out marketing efforts. They were left with four options: 1) Cut the price by 20%. 2) Hire one additional sales rep. 3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising. 4) Stay the same. A detailed look into each option. 1) Cut the price by 20%. The shopper research programme indicated that dealers will back off the brand when the customer appears price sensitive. By cutting the price by 20% this will allow the company to be on par with national brands. The current contribution margin for the company is 35% if the price was to be cut by 20% then the new contribution margin would be reduced to: 35% – 20% = 15% with the current sale volume being $12 million and a price cut of 20% the sales would have to increase significantly for the price cut to be effective. According to Barrett â€Å"we are now the highest price paint in our service area† the fact that the company still has increasing sales despite being the highest cost brand of all the competitors this shows that the company is being perceived as giving high quality goods where people don’t mind about paying extra for their brand. If the company was to cut the price by 20% this may leave doubts in peoples minds about whether or not the brand is actually as high quality as they had thought. The fact that they can get away with charging a higher price for their brand they should stick with it. 2) Hire one additional sales rep. Currently the company has 8 sales reps which are responsible for the following tasks: Monitoring inventories. Taking orders. Assisting in store display. Coordinating cooperative advertising programmes. A survey indicated that the sales reps were very well liked, helpful, professional and knowledgeable with regards to paint. These reps are paid a salary and also a 1% commission. The cost of hiring an additional sales rep would be $60,000 a year, this is excluding commission. The vice president feels that the current sales reps aren’t aggressive enough and the fact that only 5 new accounts were made in the last 5 years something needs to be done. Only 16% of the accounts come from the non-DFW area so maybe a focus needs to be placed onto this area. If this was to be done, an additional sales rep be assigned to the non-DFW area this could lead to a significant increase in sales. 3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising. The vice president of advertising believes that there is a need for an awareness level of 30% among do-it-yourselfers to affect their sales. An emphasis on television coverage will reach non-DFW consumers in 15 countries. Research shows that ads affect the buying process Since most consumers consider the store before the actual brand maybe the advertising should be focused more-so on corporate ads rather than brand ads. The company spends 3% of its net sales on advertising therefore the current cost of advertising is: 3% of 12 million = 360000 with an additional spend of $350000 on advertising the total cost of advertising would be: 360000+ 350000= $710,000. This would almost double the cost of advertising and since there’s an emphasis on television this could prove to be a risky option, especially since brand awareness isn’t the main attribution to buyer behaviour. Another factor to consider is the fact that 75% of the audience of the advert aren’t buying paint. 4) Stay the same. The final option for the company would be to keep everything the same which is advised by the vice president of finance. Since the company is continuing to make profit he feels that if you were to take the other options that there would have to be a significant increase in the sales volume which may not be a result. Although most of the options offer different benefits and of course different drawbacks we don’t think there is an outright option to choose. With regards to the cut in price of 20% we don’t believe this option should be chosen. The fact that the company is allowed to charge the higher price and is perceived as being a high quality brand why should they risk losing all of this by accepting the price cut. The next option with regards to hiring an additional sales rep we feel that the fact that they have 8 sales reps already would the addition of another really make a significant impact on sales. Rather than focusing on hiring a new one we believe that if they focused more-so and possibly retraining their current sales reps this could prove to be more effective. The fact that the sales reps are already considered highly by the customers is a bonus. If more effort was put into them and how they could improve efficiency then this could be worthwhile to the company. The company could divide up the sales reps into the necessary markets and possibly by offering them incentives this could increase their performance. By hiring an additional sales rep doesn’t necessarily promise a change in sales. With regards to an increase of advertising spending of $350,000 we wouldn’t recommend this option. As the company wants to put an emphasis on television and the fact that 75% of the audience don’t buy paint, the 25% of the audience that do doesn’t seem like a big enough market coverage to invest such a lot of money into. Instead we feel they should look into other marketing options. The fact that with regards to buyer behaviour that customers choose the store first before the brand maybe the company should look into advertising within the actual stores. They could look into what stores are proven to be more popular and focus advertising attention on these. With the last option as staying the same although the company is continuing to make profits we feel like this could be the easy option. Rather than just being content with what is currently happening with the business they should focus on improving the business. The fact is that more and more competitors may enter the market or even people may change their buying behaviour but ultimately the company should try and always be a brand considered.

Qualities of Leader

Different companies, teams and situations need different kinds of leader and leadership qualities. However those leaders always possess some basic qualities which I appreciate such as: communication, trustworthy, confidence, enthusiasm, stability, thoughtfulness and be a model. Communication is the key to become a good leader. He/She should stay close with the team and care for them in only their work but also their privation if possible.People always want to be cared, especially by their leader/boss. By communicating, the leader can find out others’ potential so that the assignment leads to effect results. Making time to listen, to meet, to celebrate with the team can develop the team spirit which is very important in teamworking. Creating trust in the team is very important for leaders. But at first the leader have to believe on his team that they will accomplish their assignments with the best results.Treating fairly also helps to inspire loyalty much. As a consequence, the leader will be well supportive Great leaders are enthusiatic people. They are always ready to roll up their sleeves and get dirty. Only by keeping their passion that they can deal with such a lot of work. Also, dedicated leaders can give their team inspiration and encourage them at work. Ability to keep a cool head is one of leaders’ qualities. When storms, emotions, crises,†¦ come and go, the team can only rely on their leader.Staying calm, finding out the reason and solution of such things, supporting the team are those things that a leader shound do. Another important quality is confidence. Leaders must be confident of their words, behaviour and making decision/judgement. Be sure of theirselves is the key to success and leaders are good examples of that. Finally, diligence is very necessary. A good leader should never forget to strengthen these qualities mentioned. Keeping up-to-date will help them to stand still in their leardership role.

Individual Uses Certain Cosmetic - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1988 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? When an individual uses certain cosmetics, takes antibiotics, or even gets vaccines, they are supporting the practice of animal testing either knowingly or unknowingly. Animals are tested, mostly by companies, with the intent of verifying that products and other materials are safe for human use. Although this practice can be beneficial for humans, testing on animals is abusive, the practice is unreliable, and animal testing costs an extravagant amount of tax money; therefore, this practice should be deemed illegal, and alternative practices should be used. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Individual Uses Certain Cosmetic" essay for you Create order Animal testing is an abusive practice that studies, tortures, and causes the death od over 100 million animals each year (Animal Testing 101). Although many individuals believe that animals do not feel pain, like humans, they do. A large reason why animal testing is viewed as so abusive is due to the degree in which animals are treated. For example, according to Sarah Rose A. Miller, One commonly used procedure is the Draize Test, which is used to test household products for harmful chemicals. In the Draize Eye Irritancy Test, solutions are applied immediately to the subjects eyes-usually a group of albino rabbits. This often causes intense pain and destroys the rabbits eyes, leaving them raw and bleeding. After the test period (around seven hours), the rabbits are killed so they can be examined for internal damage. As one can see, animals encounter extreme abuse in this setting; researchers view the animals as objects rather than living beings who feel pain. The animals do not have any say in how they want to live their lives, and they are tortured to death. Not only is animal testing painful for animals, but it also can easily ruin an animals quality of life. For example, according to Bogdan Marinescu and Cristin Coman, many researchers and animal testers snip animals ears, remove body parts to test them, severely burn them, and use many other methods of testing (Marinescu, B., Coman, C.). As one can see, animals go through a great deal of pain and suffering when in this captivity, and this contributes to their poor quality of life. In addition, the majority of animals that are tested on are confined to a very small space, which also makes a large contribution to the animals poor quality of life (Miller). Lastly, animals are tested on with chemicals, and this practice can significantly harm them. According to Sarah Miller, This procedure is used to measure the toxicity of a substance-the amount of the substance it takes to kill half a group (generally 200) of test animals. The test usually goes on for days, and the animals suffer extreme pain and distress. As one can see, humans are insensitively exposing animals to chemicals and seeing if they survive it or not in order to test that it is safe. The animals are tortured, and they do not have any control over what is happening to them. Furthermore, animal testing should be illegal due to the agony that animals are being forced to experience. Animal testing should be outlawed due to the unreliability of making sure that materials are safe for humans to use. Many studies and instances have proven that animal testing is not reliable when it comes to confirming that materials are safe for human usage. For example, The Food and Drug Administration reports that 92 out of every 100 drugs that pass animal tests fail in humans (Top Five Reasons to Stop Animal Testing). As one can see, this number can be stunning due to the likeliness of a product harming an individual. As further proof, according to Sheree Stachura, Just recently, Vioxx, a medication manufactured by Merck and approved by the FDA, was pulled from the market. The medication caused 25% of 239 patients taking it to have heart attacks within 13 days of starting the drug. As one can see, this statistic provides evidence that animal testing is unreliable and perhaps disquieting. It is alarming for some individuals to apprehend that humans do not know what is going to happen to them if they use a material that they believe is safe, but actually is not. Lastly, animals and humans have many significant contrasts (Stachura). For example, animals and humans differ when it comes to genetics and responses to materials (Edwards). Therefore, if we have so many contrasts, then how do humans know that they are completely safe from a material that was only tested on animals? Humans are unknowingly taking a moral risk when using materials that used animal testing, and the reason for this is that testing on animals is an unreliable method. Thus, alternative practices should be put into place. Not only does animal testing cost many animals lives, but it also costs a lot of money. One may ask, Where does all of this money come from? According to Kayla Newcomer, the funds for animal testing, which is about 14.5 million dollars every year, comes from taxes, and the government uses the taxes to pay for testing. Therefore, there are many people in the United States who are unknowingly and/or forcefully contributing to the practice of animal testing. In addition, specific studies cost a lot of money. For example, did you know that studying a chromosome aberration on animals costs $30,000 (Costs of Animal and Non-Animal Testing)? Furthermore, like mentioned before, unreliability is a large dilemma in animal testing. Therefore, humans are spending a great amount of money on animal testing, and humans do not know for sure if materials are safe to use. To bring down the cost and test for more reliability, there are alternative solutions for animal testing that researchers can use. In response to a claim that animal testing should not be legal, Jeffery A. Running, a microbiologist and research scientist, claimed that animal testing saves human lives. In fact, he claims that if animal testing did not exist, that the adverse effect rate from materials would be much higher than it already is. Within his argument, Running claims, If vaccines werent produced, many millions (yes, millions) of people would die as a result of infectious disease. If vaccines were produced, but were tested directly on humans, vaccines that did have harmful side effects would harm people instead of animals (Running). Furthermore, humans cannot perform tests directly on to humans to test whether or not they are safe for usage, so animals are the only option to make sure that a material is somewhat for human use is safe. This sourced is biased due to the fact that Running, a microbiologist and research scientist, job relies on testing materials on animals to make sure they are safe for human use. Running claims that animal testing has saved many lives, and without it, many humans would be harmed (Running). Although Running makes a strong claim that animal testing saves lives, the practice also puts human lives in danger. The unreliability of animal testing surpasses the possibility of animal testing catching flaws in materials. If a product is unsafe, then it could easily harm or even kill a human. However, there are other reliable, alternative methods to animal testing that could potentially save more humans lives than animal testing would. One of the alternatives includes in-vitro testing. In-vitro testing is where human cells are placed on a slide, and its job is to impersonate human reactions to a substance (Alternatives to Animal Testing). It can be believed that in-vitro testing allows for more accurate results due to the fact that it acts similar to humans epidermis (Alternatives to Animal Testing). As one can see, in-vitro testing, which allows for testing to be done is a human-like, accurate way; this will essentially reduce the risk of unreliability being an issue, and, it will not harm any animals in the process. According to staff from The Scientist, individuals who perform studies and research on animals take into consideration the animals pain and distress, and essentially attempt to make the environment tolerable. For example, researchers will only use the number of animals necessary to get the results that they desire (Reducing Pain and Distress in Animal Research). In addition, according to Ian Murnaghan, researchers live by the three Rs: reduction, replacement, and refinement. This means that researchers are making an attempt to decrease the number of animal subjects, trying to use different techniques for testing that does not require animals, and making an attempt to make the testing easier on the animal (Murnaghan). Although researchers are trying to reduce the amount of harm placed on an animal, this does not change the fact that animals are still being harmed by animal testing. If researchers were concerned with the state animals were in, then they would not perform animal testing at all. For example, like mentioned previously, animal are forced to suffer through studies that result in problems such as burns (Marinescu, B., Coman, C.). To put a stop to animal testing completely, alternative testing practices can be put into place. Like mentioned previously, in-vitro testing is certainly an alternative possibly (Alternatives to Animal Testing). In addition, computer modeling could be the future of medical research and animal testing (Alternatives to Animal Testing). Computer modeling has made it to where technology has the ability to find cures and use QSAR testing rather than using animal subjects (Alternatives to Animal Testing). As one can see, the alternatives to animal testing are feasible; humans just have to put in the time and effort in using them rather than using animal subjects. Testing on animals has been proven to be cruel, unreliable, and costly. As one can see, there are other alternative methods to avoid animal testing. This can and eventually will be beneficial for both animals and humans. Therefore, humans should take initiative and deem animal testing as illegal. Alternative testing such as in-vitro and computer modeling could benefit humans immensely, and be the future of testing materials. Works Cited Alternatives to Animal Testing. PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for- experimentation/alternatives-animal-testing/. Accessed 12 December 2018. Animal Testing 101. PETA, 2018, https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for- experimentation/animal-testing-101/. Accessed 14 Dec 2018. Badyal, Dinesh, and Chetna Desai. Animal use in Pharmacology Education and Research: The Changing Scenario. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 46, no. 3, 2014, pp. 257-265. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1534137941?accountid=14197, doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.132153. Costs of Animal and Non-Animal Testing. Humane Society International, www.hsi.org/issues/chemical_product_testing/facts/time_and_cost.html. Accessed 12 December 2018. Edwards, Sarah. Achieving Standards without Sacrificing My Own. Voices from the Middle, vol. 10, no. 1, 2002, pp. 31-34. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/ 213932428?accountid=14197. Marinescu, Bogdan, and Cristin Coman. The Ethics of Animals Testing. Revista Romana De Bioetica, vol. 8, no. 3, 2010. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1286687152?accountid=14197. Miller, Sarah R. A. Animal Research. The Humanist, vol. 61, no. 5, Sep, 2001, pp. 15-18. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/235290335?accountid=14197. Murnaghan, Ian. Replacement Of Animal Testing. Aboutanimaltesting.Co.Uk, 2018, https://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/replacement-of-animal-testing.html. Accessed 14 Dec 2018. Newcomer, Kayla. Federal Government Funds Animal Testing, Animal Experiments | Global Animal. Global Animal, 2018, https://www.globalanimal.org/2013/10/07/guilty- government-practices/. Accessed 14 Dec 2018. Reducing Pain and Distress in Animal Research. The Scientist Magazine, www.the- scientist.com/news/reducing-pain-and-distress-in-animal-research-63445. A ccessed 12 December 2018. Running, Jeffrey A. Animal Testing Helps Protesters Live 20 Years Longer.Milwaukee Journal, Jul 27, 1990, pp. A08. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/333434439?accountid=14197. Stachura, Sheree,R.N., B.S.N. Drug Safety: An Argument to Ban Animal Testing.Journal of Nursing Law, vol. 12, no. 4, 2008, pp. 147-156. ProQuest, https://nclive.org/cgi- bin/nclsm?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/206506555?accountid=14197, doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1073-7472.12.4.147. The Truth about Animals Used for Experimentation. PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals- used-for-experimentation/animal-testing-101/. Accessed 12 December 2018. Top Five Reasons to Stop Animal Testing. PETA, 20 Apr. 2018, www.peta.org/blog/top-five- reasons-stop-animal-testing/comment-page-1/.